Reinforcement architecture dictionary
2.5D, 3D, 4D and 5D describe different fibre-direction systems.
The terminology is defined here through direction, process and status so that engineers can understand exactly what Kale Texnique means.
2.5D needled architecture
Layered in-plane fibres linked by discontinuous through-thickness needling.
Barbed needles repeatedly penetrate stacked webs or fibre layers, carrying fibre segments through thickness. The result is more thickness linkage than an unbound 2D stack, without claiming a continuous woven Z-yarn system.
Explore 2.5D needle-felted preforms →3D orthogonal architecture
X–Y–Z reinforcement planned as one woven system.
X and Y systems establish the in-plane architecture while Z reinforcement links the thickness. Geometry, layer count and yarn path are developed with the machine configuration.
Explore the 3D orthogonal platform →4D four-direction architecture
X–Y–W–Z: 0°, +60°, −60° and through thickness.
The three in-plane directions form a tri-axial directional set, linked by Z reinforcement through the thickness. The public description defines directions and development status without claiming application-specific properties.
Explore the 4D machine system →5D five-direction architecture
X–Y–W–V–Z: 0°, 90°, +45°, −45° and through thickness.
The development programme combines orthogonal and bias in-plane directions with Z reinforcement. Machine architecture, yarn control and repeatable preform formation remain under development.
Explore the 5D development programme →Polar architecture
Reinforcement planned around an axisymmetric geometry.
Polar systems address circular, cylindrical, conical, ring and dome-type forms where yarn placement must respond to changing circumference and radial or axial geometry.
Explore the polar weaving platform →